Chinese vs. American Diet Review Essay

Chinese versus American Diet Review Essay Chinese Diet versus American Diet Review Essay Chinese Diet versus American Diet Review Essay Food, also to water and air, is accepted to be one of the most critical things on the globe. One can't exist without food; subsequently, individuals of different districts regard the eating routine to such a degree, that they have made their own unmistakable eating routine societies. People’s life guidelines are creating and changing each day along with monetary advancement. There are such a large number of various dinners on the planet that individuals have a flat out opportunity of decision. Everyone realizes that the nourishment is one of the major physical prerequisites, and it has the focal status in the life of every individual. For all intents and purposes each nation on the planet shows broad social foundation which has experienced a long history, encountered various modifications, lastly, defined its present arrangement of the social framework. This paper will exhibit the colossal contrasts between the Chinese and American eating regimens. The Comparison of Chinese and American Diets Diet is a social obtaining which is passed on from age to age in various conditions of the world. Most of nations and countries built up their own particular and unmistakable eccentricities with respect to consumes less calories which have all the earmarks of being profoundly reliable. The customary Chinese food is portrayed by diminished or moderate amounts of creature based protein and a large number of plant-based nourishments. The Chinese eating routine is one among various customary food styles which has gotten acclamation for its infection battling limits. The Chinese cooking is more than only a scrumptious and awesome way of setting up a supper, as it uses food as a treatment to adjust the body during the seasons. Strategical blends of flavors and flavors redound to the sound and delectable attributes of this eating routine. The conventional Chinese food uses vegetables that have been tenderly steamed or pan-seared with such wellsprings of starches as rice, noodle soups or dum plings. Fish and meat are additionally significant constituents of the Chinese conventional food however they are expended in a lot littler amounts when contrasted with the run of the mill American eating regimen. American cooking styles show a propensity to use flavors so as to acquire flavor increase while Chinese cooking styles include flavors, particularly garlic and ginger, as a guide to assimilation. Mention that green tea, which is generally known for its cancer prevention agent attributes, is a noticeable element of the Chinese eating routine. Generally saying, the American dinners are the Chinese food reflected in a fair mirror. All Chinese eating routine qualities can be perused in reverse. The American food is related with red meat and other greasy nourishments while natural products, vegetables, and entire grains are devoured in rather constrained sums. Therefore, this eating regimen is highlighted by fat, calories, cholesterol, sugar, and salt. Besides, the American cooking is basically short on dietary fiber and various huge supplements along with plant-grounded substances (known as phytochemicals) which help with shielding the heart from malignant growth. It becomes clear that Chinese and American food designs are completely inverse. There are a few reasons which cause such errors. Right off the bat, the eating routine ideas are distinctive in these two nations. The Chinese focus on the feeling of food which joins the shape, flavor, and taste of the supper. Then again, the significant idea of the American eating regimen concerns levelheadedness. The U.S. culture is profoundly inspired by the nourishment which makes the eating routine disentangled. The Americans are not keen on stewing nourishment for quite a while or process it in a confounded way. Because of the way that the pace of life is quick in their way of life, individuals tend to improve everything. The shape and the general look of quick suppers fulfill all prerequisites of the Americans. Its solace and easement compare to the high viability of this created nation. Furthermore, the narratives of the two nations are amazingly unique. There is a platitude in China which can be deciphered as â€Å"food is the main need of the people†. The history shows that the degree of profitability was nearly low in China, which was the motivation behind why many individuals were eager. Accordingly, the Chinese view food as one of the most huge things. Eating is a particular type of joy and enjoyment for the Chinese. In actuality, the U.S. is a created nation which has strong and solid food industry. The Americans don't view food as something extraordinary, and that is the reason cheap food and jars are so well known there. Individuals in the U.S. consider food just when they are eager, and they don't change over a run of the mill supper into an entire service. In this manner, various ways of life and societies cause various genuine contrasts between the Chinese and American weight control plans. Right off the bat, the Americans incline toward eating a few dinners during a day, while the Chinese are acquainted with eating just three suppers per day. The Americans eat when they feel hungry, and they commonly don't interfere with the movement they are engaged with. Food causes the Americans to remain dynamic and not to get diverted from their business. The Chinese are progressively customary in this issue is the reason they want to eat just three times each day. In addition, Chinese individuals are amazingly customary as per cooking designs. They should consider three significant basics of a dinner including flavor, shading, and taste. In this way, every Chinese feast should appear as though a bit of craftsmanship being delectable and alluring. Clearly at present, the Chinese don't have plausibility to devote such a great amount of time to sl im down and cook multiple times each day. Furthermore, Chinese individuals are acclimated with buying new food every day. They are keen on being sound and comprehend that the significant motivation behind food is to make them solid and sound. Then again, the Americans have a propensity of purchasing food once for the entire week. In this way, they buy food which can be handily put away in the cooler, and a short time later eat handled food. Such semi-dinners are hurtful to wellbeing, as they fuse a ton of additives and colors. By the by, the Americans are utilized to a rearranged way of life, and it encourages them to do everything rapidly and without making superfluous strides. Thirdly, Chinese families like to commend celebrations and national occasions in a conventional way which cause them to set up a great deal of dishes so as to engage visitors. Despite what might be expected, the Americans don't tend to prepare different suppers while having visitors or commending an occasion. It is normal for guests to get some custom made cakes or pies request to astonish and entertain has. Fourthly, Chinese individuals love vegetables, and they even use vegetable oil, similar to soybean oil, during the time spent food planning. As a rule, the Chinese eat substantially more new vegetables and natural products than the Americans who lean toward creature fats (spread). In this manner, it becomes evident that the Americans expend a lot of protein, yet their stomach working is seriously affected because of the lack of cellulose in the life form. Then again, the Chinese are known for eating the viscera of creatures, including the livers, digestive organs, lungs, and so forth. The Americans don't have such dietary pattern. The viscus of creatures contains an enormous amount of cholesterol which is hurtful and unsafe to wellbeing. Fifthly, Chine se individuals are acquainted with eating sweet food or natural products after the suppers, while the Americans like to expend something sweet before the feast or when trusting that the dinner will get ready. In any case, most of nutritionists accept that it is increasingly valuable and beneficial to expend organic products preceding taking a significant supper. At last, Chinese individuals are familiar with eating readied and prepared food. They devote a great deal of time to this procedure and endeavor not to skirt fundamental dinners. Despite what might be expected, the Americans are utilized to snappy ways of life, therefore, they select quick preprocessed or completely crude food. The last one is considered as more nutritious than the prepared or particularly cheap food. The paper clearly exhibits that American and Chinese eating regimen societies are profoundly discrepant. The significant reasons why these two cooking styles are so unique concern the people’s mentality towards the food. Chinese individuals think about food as the focal point of a smaller than usual feast. They like to eat together in a family circle, prompting and offering each other various dishes and beverages. Every one of their dinners is a little gem. They appreciate tasting flavorful food while speaking with one another in an agreeable setting. As opposed to China, the Americans are exceptionally dynamic and occupied. Their eating routine encourages them to remain stimulated and proceed with their work. They don't tend to devote a great deal of time to setting up a supper, along these lines, they purchase and eat preprocessed food which spares their time. In their view, time is a higher priority than wellbeing. Chinese eating routine culture exhibits incredible consiste ncy and progression concerning the social custom which has been passed on from age to age. In this way, the paper clearly delineates that the distinctions in designs, ideas, nature and attribution mirror the discrepant dietary societies in China and the U.S.

Reflections Theory Essay Example

Reflections Theory Essay - Reflections hypothesis Introduction In this report I will look at two intelligent speculations, illustrating their likenesses and contrasts. I will pick the one I accept to be the best as I would see it. This will be the one I will use in my finish of year intelligent record. The two intelligent hypotheses I will be taking a gander at are, Johns Model of Structured Reflection and Gibbs’s Reflective Cycle. Hypotheses There are two principle contrasts between the two speculations. Johns utilizes a straight structure, with a start and an end. In any case, Gibbs utilizes a progressively cyclic structure and has no characterized start or end. John’s hypothesis is likewise fundamentally pointed towards social insurance and discusses working with patients and their families. Gibbs then again can be pointed more towards understudies and their encounters. Johns utilizes the 2 principle headings: Looking in and watching out. Under Looking in there are 5 Sub-Headings: Esthetics, Personal, Ethics, Empirics and Reflexivity. Johns generally requires the need to work with a boss and as such he calls this a guided reflection. It expects you to compose a depiction of the experience before you start the reflection, when you have done this it expects you to follow the unbelievably up. One of the upside of Johns intelligent model is that there is a reasonable Beginning and an end meaning the individual thinking back on their experience has an unmistakable framework on where to start and the procedure utilized in the reflection. Anyway the issue with the reflexive example of knowing is that it might be significant for a circumstance that has been settled. We will compose a custom paper test on Reflections Theory explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Reflections Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Reflections Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In the event that your were attempting to break down a circumstance that’s was continuous you would need to join portions of another intelligent model to support you. With Johns model of organized reflection you would not need to utilize all the inquiries inside the model, yet you could likewise utilize the inquiries various occasions if suitable. Gibbs Reflective Model is simpler to be utilized by understudies as it discusses getting an unmistakable understanding the circumstances. It utilizes the six primary Headings: Description, Feelings, Evaluation, Analysis, Conclusion and Action Plan. It utilizes these making a beeline for increase an away from of what went on, what was the experience like for the individual, how they deciphered the circumstance, what they could have done and what they would do again if the circumstance emerged once more. Since there is no characterized structure and no clear start or end, there is the bit of leeway that if the individual experiencing the impression of their experience and they think back on it they can add more data to each segment as and when they consider it, so they can return or forward to one of the headings and include the data into the particular field. For instance on the off chance that they believe they have to discuss their inclination first they can do that or in the event that they believe they have to assess the circumstance or discussion about what they would do once more, and add their contribution to it, as they can experience the cycle the same number of times as they have to get all the data down. Gibbs additionally discusses what might we do extraordinary if the circumstance emerged once more. The two of them put incredible accentuation on the sentiments and the feelings of the individual all through the reflection procedure. The two of them talk about what occurred and attempt to understand the circumstance. The two of them likewise talk about Conclusion To close the hypothesis that I will decide for my intelligent practice toward the finish of year is, Gibbs Reflective Cycle. I have picked this intelligent model for various reasons. I accept that Gibbs intelligent cycle is more pointed towards Student while Johns is pointed more towards human services and discusses working with patients and their families. Gibbs intelligent model is additionally simpler to decipher and I trust it to be simpler to use to dissect any given circumstance with the primary headings it uses to pick up data about the circumstance the sentiments of the individual and the experience the individual experienced during some random circumstance. I trust it is simpler to follow than Johns model of organized reflection. Gibbs intelligent cycle doesn't require the need of a chief to help the reflection though; John’s model discussions about have one present to experience the reflection procedure. I will utilize Gibbs Reflective cycle as I feel that it is progressively pertinent to myself and it is more clear to follow and would be simpler to use for my appearance procedure. References (2012) REFLECTION. Accessible: http://moodle. bcu. air conditioning. uk/tee/pluginfile. php/116376/mod_resource/content/0/reflective_models. pdf. Last got to fifteenth Dec 2012. (2012) About Johns’ model of organized reflection. Accessible: http://www. brookes. air conditioning. uk/administrations/update/a-z/reflective_johns. html. Last got to sixteenth Dec 2012. (2012) About Gibbs intelligent cycle. Accessible: http://www. brookes. air conditioning. uk/administrations/redesign/a-z/reflective_gibbs. html. Last got to sixteenth Dec 2012.

danger!awesome

danger!awesome Earlier this week I purchased a present for a friend. This friend loves wooden puzzles, and so I went with a wooden puzzle box: a box, itself a puzzle, which contains more puzzles. Its a nice looking box, but I felt like it needed something more. So I walked down the street and went to danger!awesome. danger!awesome is a laser engraving and cutting workshop in Central Square. It was founded by Ali Mohammed, PhD  08, an instructor in the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and Nadeem Mazen 06, proprieter of digital design and consulting firm Serious Business LLC  and MIT squash coach. The premise of danger!awesome is simple: they will use lasers to burn anything into anything. As you can see on their showcase, this commonly includes engraving all manner of glass, metal, and wood. Of course, it is not necessarily limited to these materials, as you would know if you had ever seen OK Gos Last Leaf music video, directed by Ali and Nadeem: When I walked in to danger!awesome, here are the other people who were there: one employee, who helped me with my project another employee, who was working on his own project, which appeared to be some elaborate three-dimensional ships anchor an older dude in biker swag who was helping two 10 year old girls burn their names into the handles of their jackknives Getting something engraved at danger!awesome is insanely simple. I walked in and told this dude Matt that I wanted some engravings done on a wooden box. I emailed him the images I wanted, and then for the text we found some good fonts, downloaded them to the computers which run the laser cutters, and typed in the text. Matt measured and centered the box, opened the cutter, popped the box, closed the lid, and the lasers started firing. When the smoke cleared (and there was a lot of smoke), I was left with this: All it took was 20 minutes and $28 to make this a so much more dangerously awesome gift.

Racial Equality And The State s Reconstruction Government...

Wade Hampton, a Southern Democrat, could never accept racial equality and in time would even lead Democrats to overthrow the Republican regime in South Carolina. Hampton III was born into a world of wealth and privileges thanks to the South s slave system. He attended a private academy, went to college, and studied law later on. He had great battlefield skills and gained a reputation out of this. Hollitz in â€Å"Race and Redemption in the Reconstructed South: Robert Smalls and Wade Hampton† describes Hampton as a â€Å"natural leader of a white supremacist counterassault on the state s Reconstruction government,† since he not only shared the same views as many other southerners and white people, but he also demonstrated power, wealth, and security to the state. In the other hand, Robert Smalls was a Republican Representative from South Carolina who wanted to reconstruct the South and guarantee political equality for the freedmen. As described in John Hollitz work, Smalls was born with a common disadvantage: he was a slave. Nevertheless, Hollitz continues to describe Smalls slavery commitment as different, yet beneficial compared to other slaves in that time. He worked for wages known as a â€Å"hired out†, which gave him relative autonomy and even gave him a type of freedom to peruse education during his youth. As Smalls grew older his skills, education, and position as deck hand on the Planter– A ship originally from the Union– served him well to escape the South and become a freeman

Epic of Beowulf Essay - 1033 Words

The epic poem, Beowulf, is one of the oldest European epics in existence. When Beowulf was written, the writer incorporated many of the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of these ideals included loyalty, bravery, selflessness, and justice and were demonstrated in the hero. Both the characters Beowulf and Grendel represent aspects of both good and evil, Christianity and Paganism, and what occurs when they collide with one another. A characteristic of an epic poem is the concern over struggles that humans face, which is presented in a serious manner. The hero often embodies the religious, national, and cultural values of his homeland and abroad. The premise of the story is quite simple: the Danes were in distress because of the great monster†¦show more content†¦Each of these examples helps define Beowulf as an epic poem. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An Anglo-Saxon hero must embody certain characteristics and ideals in order to be truly considered a hero. Beowulf is depicted as being very brave. â€Å"I’ve never known fear†, â€Å"Then Beowulf stood, still brave, still strong† and, â€Å"†¦everything hidden in that tower, will be mine or war will sweep me to a bitter death!† display Beowulf†s strong bravery and his desire to prevail. Even until the very end, Beowulf fights without fear, seeming to always know that he will be the victor. Another quality Beowulf shows is his loyalty to his king and to his people. He speaks, â€Å"†¦I sold my life for this treasure, and I sold it well. Take what I leave†¦lead my people, help them,† to Wiglaf as his last dying few words. As mentioned before, Beowulf wishes to have his possessions and gold to his Higlac so that â€Å"†¦may he see in their golden brightness†¦that here in Denmark I found a noble protector.† He also minds that Higlac â€Å"†¦might think less of me if I let my sword go where my feet were afraid to,† and does his best to represent his land and people with all his strength and courage. Beowulf can be perceived as an example of Anglo-Saxon heroism even until the final battle in which his life finally leaves him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Finally, the hero story that is associated in Beowulf runs hand in hand with the illustrated project that accompaniesShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : The Epic Of Beowulf1027 Words   |  5 Pages To begin, Beowulf the poem has a unknown author, Beowulf is an epic poem. In Beowulf he is challenged by the murderous monster Grendel, Grendel is eating and slaughtering Hrothgar the King of the Danes men and people, the king needs Beowulf s help in defeating Grendel, Beowulf ends up killing the monster and is now tormented by the monster s mother that is much larger, she is no match for Beowulf and he kills her as well, lastly it is Beowulf’s last battle after he has been king of Geatland forRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By Beowulf2577 Words   |  11 Pagesoriginal aspects of these different religions. Due to the construction of this Beowulf, students and professors are able to study and get a true understanding of a pagans’ demeanor and how life evolves t hrough their eyes. Throughout the epic poem Beowulf, paganism is exemplified as this epic hero falls victim to fate while embarking on his journey through life fighting monsters and chasing after his fame. To begin with, Beowulf was composed in Old English by an anonymous writer between the sixth and seventhRead MoreThe Epic of Beowulf733 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is the oldest anglo-saxon poem written in English. The poem describes the heroic deeds of Beowulf in his fight against monsters. Even if the events narrated in the poem take place in Denmark, the poem was transmitted by oral language between the anglo-saxon even 200 years after its creation. Anglo-saxons did not consider themselves british, but vikings, and their heroes were always from Scandinavia. The author of Beowulf is anonymous. The original poem was written on sheep tanned leatherRead MoreBeowulf as Epic823 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes an epic? Is Beowulf an epic? ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · What is an epic poem, and how does it differ from other kinds of poetry or storytelling? How have epic poems traditionally been transmitted from generation to generation? How do tellers remember these long and complicated stories? According to Robert Harris’s Glossary of Literary Terms, he defines an epic as the following: Epic. An extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes and written in a high style (withRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as Epic Hero844 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf as Epic Hero Epic heroes usually exemplify the character traits most admired in their societies, and Beowulf is no exception.   Beowulf is set in the Anglo-Saxon society, a time when war was rampant among the many peoples trying to take over the different kingdoms of England.   In this dangerous, violent time people lived in constant peril and jeopardy.   These conditions only allowed people of great bravery to survive and men of outstanding courage were admired the populous.   TheseRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero1519 Words   |  7 Pageswhisked away following a journey, you have most likely read an epic. An epic by definition is â€Å"a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation†. Every epic has a main character that undergoes the same archetypal journey as all other heroes, an epic hero. There are specific qualities one must have to be considered an epic hero. Each epic hero possesses superhuman strength, displays a strong senseRead MoreComparing Beowulf And The Epic Of Beowulf937 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Roman Empire. In the story Beowulf, his actions portray him, indeed be an epic hero. Both Christianity and Paganism are both portrayed throughout the epic Beowulf. Beowulf frequently speaks of God throughout the story, while there are also many Pagan elements that are evident throughout the story as well. In addition, It s hard to ignore the Christian and Pagan elements in Beowulf. These types of elements are what define the heroic warrior in the epic Beowulf(Vengeance the Pagan and ChristianRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pagesthan the writer. These â€Å"epic heros† are protagonists that fulfill their potential of greatness through using their bravery, strength and humility for good. The near ancient tale of Beowulf is a classic example of an epic story that contains an epic hero. In this tale Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, has been terrorized by a beast known as Grendel. This beast has been murdering the king’s people and no one has come close to stopping this killer. A Geat warrior named Beowulf hears of the King’s predicamentRead MoreThe Epic : An Analysis Of The Epic Of Beowulf701 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf is one of the longest surviving Anglo-Saxon poem. The epic takes place in the sixth century in what is now Denmark and Sweden. The poem opens with Hrothgar, whose successful rule is signified by a glorious mead-hall called Heorot. For 12 years, a massive man-like ogre named Grendel, a descendant of Cain, has raided Heorot and killed the kings warriors. Beowulf, a young warrior from Geatland (Sweden), comes to Hrothgar’s aid, bringing 14 of his best men with him. At a feast before the endRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristic

What does chapter one of “The Spire” reveal about Jocelin and his attitude to other people Free Essays

How does Golding’s language reveal the extent to which he deceives himself? The first chapter of William Golding’s novel â€Å"The Spire† reveals much about Jocelin’s attitude to the people around him and also the contrary view that others hold about it. The language Golding uses highlights Jocelin’s delusions and shows the reader just how much he deceives himself. Throughout the first chapter we are introduced to many of the people that Jocelin encounters on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on What does chapter one of â€Å"The Spire† reveal about Jocelin and his attitude to other people? or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the first characters to appear is Goody Pangall, who Jocelin views as his ‘daughter in God’. This phrase shows how much Jocelin admires Goody and, at first, appears to simply demonstrate more of Jocelin’s loving nature. However, after reading the following paragraph where he watches her walking away from him ‘with love and a little disappointment’, it becomes clear that the sentence holds more meaning than just showing his fondness. It shows up Jocelin’s somewhat obsessive character, suggesting he views Goody as being flawless and that he has idealised her to the point where he can imagine her as God’s daughter. As Jocelin thinks ‘my daughter’ it becomes apparent that he has deceived himself into thinking that he loves Goody as if she were just his daughter but Golding makes it clear to the reader that this is not true. As the paragraph continues it is revealed just how much Jocelin is infatuated with Goody for example, when she does not follow the same routine as usual, he has to ‘glimpse the long, sweet face’ as she turns away from him. Golding’s use of the word ‘glimpse’ suggests that Jocelin is purposely looking out for her ‘sweet face’. Golding repeats this word later in the paragraph ‘got a glimpse of green dress’, this too implies that Jocelin is trying to see more of Goody. The fact that Golding has given Goody Pangall a ‘green dress’ under her ‘grey cloak’ and ‘wimple’ makes her more of a distraction for Jocelin and it give the impression that he waits each day to catch a ‘glimpse’ of her exotic, colourful interior under her seemingly plain, dull exterior. It also shows the reader that Jocelin is looking at Goody with a masculine gaze, trying to see her passionate side instead of the pure and obliging woman that she must present to society. During the first chapter Goody Pangall is only referred to as ‘Pangall’s wife’. Withholding her name allows Golding to deny Goody her own identity and personality, turning her into a possession rather than an individual person. As Jocelin thinks of her as ‘Pangall’s wife’ it may be that he is trying to remind himself that she is married and the fact Jocelin feels the need to remind himself that she is married and that he cannot have her shows that he does not love her solely as a ‘daughter’. A reason the Jocelin is so attracted to Goody Pangall is that she is quiet and she knows her place in society as, at the time the novel is set, society is extremely patriarchal. This is emphasised by Jocelin’s thought that Goody ‘is entirely woman’ solely because of what he calls ‘foolish’ ‘childish curiosity’. This language shows that he recognises her ‘foolish’ ways as only applicable to women, if he was to show any curiosity it would not be classed as ‘foolish’ as he would, as a man, have a legitimate reason for it. Although Jocelin recognises her ‘folly’ he does not reprimand her, telling himself that ‘that is a matter for Pangall or Father Anselm’. Golding has written this to remind the reader that Jocelin does not want to recognise any of Goody Pangall’s faults as then not only would she not be perfect, but he would probably upset her and he does not want to do anything to hurt Goody. When Goody has left the church Golding turns the reader’s attention to Gilbert, ‘the dumb man’. With Jocelin’s first words to Gilbert, ‘I think he made you choose me, Gilbert’, Golding subtly reminds the reader that Jocelin is a man of God and that he has immense faith in Him. This contrasts with the previous paragraph about Goody Pangall where it seemed that Jocelin had become so immersed in his thoughts about her that he had forgotten about who, and where, he was. Gilbert has many of the same qualities as Goody Pangall. He is quiet and does not interfere with Jocelin’s plans for the spire, instead he agrees with everything Jocelin suggests. In a peculiar way Gilbert has every characteristic that people expected of a woman in those times and this is probably why Jocelin is so fond of him. As Gilbert does not, or more precisely cannot, object to any of Jocelin’s remark or aspirations Jocelin is more comfortable around him. Unlike the chancellor, Pangall and others in the church, Gilbert is the one person who does not have any objections to the spire and Jocelin’s delusions that God will perform a miracle in allowing it to be built. Therefore Jocelin need not be guarded around Gilbert for he knows that Gilbert will not confront him about the near non-existent foundations like the chancellor does ‘I don’t know, my Lord Dean’. That Jocelin likes to be around people who do not query him reveals that he likes to have control of the situation that he is in, and that he needs to be right. Golding has created Jocelin as a rather selfish character, he wants to build the spire and is determined to do so as, he believes, ‘God will provide’. However, Jocelin has become so absorbed with the detail and planning required and is so inspired by the grandeur that he is certain the spire will provide for the cathedral that he does not pause to think about the effects of the building on his friends. Golding uses subtle phrases and words to show this egotism such as ‘my place, my house, my people’ and ‘I know them all, know what they are doing and will do’. These two sentences show that Jocelin sees the people around him as a means to building the spire and does not want to associate with them unless they support him or provide a skill that will build the spire. Jocelin does not see his actions as self-centred, he sees himself as a man who loves everyone and Golding frequently mentions what Jocelin sees as agape love, ‘he shot an arrow of love after him’, ‘Jocelin looked sideways at him, loving him’. The reader is shown how Jocelin’s aspirations for the spire are damaging his relationships with others by the deacons scathing insults. The remark ‘say what you like, he’s proud’ is met with the reply ‘and ignorant’. These simple comments hold a huge amount of meaning, for deacons to talk about their dean in such a derogatory manner, especially in the cathedral itself, shows that Jocelin really is pursuing an impossible and ludicrous goal. When Jocelin overhears this conversation he confronts the deacons asking ‘who is this poor fellow? ‘. To the reader it is obvious they were talking of Jocelin but Jocelin himself is so engrossed in his thoughts that it does not occur to him that they could be discussing him. Before Jocelin approaches the deacons they remark ‘he thinks he is a saint! A man like that! ‘, Golding’s use of exclamation marks after these statements makes them even more prominent and what they are suggesting more absurd. For a dean in a church to be thought of as a ridiculous candidate for being a saint indicates to the reader that Jocelin’s actions are extremely inappropriate for a man of his importance in the church. A man like that! ‘ shows that the deacons do not look up to Jocelin as a role model nor do they respect him. It also proves that Jocelin thinks highly of himself, he does not even consider for a moment that the deacons are talking about him as he believes his to too high in the church and too respected for anyone to think of him as ‘ignorant’, let alone voice their views. Another example of Jocelin’s pride in himself comes when he meets with Gilbert again. Jocelin asks Gilbert to show him the carving and exclaims, ‘Oh no, no no! I’m not as beaky as that! ‘. This denial shows that Jocelin has an exact idea of what he believes he looks like in the same way that he believes he knows what people think of him. After studying the carving further Jocelin ‘fell silent’, this silence may be because he has realised that actually the carving does resemble him, ‘mouth wide open, lined cheeks, hollow deep under cheekbone’. Golding is also suggesting to the reader tat in chasing his dream of the spire Jocelin has neglected not only his relationships with others but himself as well, allowing himself to become older and more dishevelled. Golding has taken the idea of Jocelin becoming lost in his vision by giving Jocelin the thought ‘at the moment of vision, the eyes see nothing’, a phrase completely suited to Jocelin and his situation. Overall, chapter one reveals to the reader that Jocelin has allowed himself become so absorbed into his vision of the spire that he has begun to ignore the people around him and to avoid them if they disagree with him or criticise his dream. It gives a great insight into Jocelin’s thoughts and other’s perceptions, showing the reader that most people in the church have started to see Jocelin as a person to ridicule as he is so self-involved that he will not notice. Golding’s language helps to expose Jocelin’s self-important views making them stand out and his continual use of the words ‘joy’ and ‘love’ in Jocelin’s thoughts emphasise the fact that he believes he is blessed with the task to build the spire whereas the reader can see that it is more of a curse as it is beginning, even in the first chapter, to damage not only his relationships but his wellbeing too. How to cite What does chapter one of â€Å"The Spire† reveal about Jocelin and his attitude to other people?, Papers

Great Gatsby (677 words) Essay Example For Students

Great Gatsby (677 words) Essay Great GatsbyTime tells us that success often comes with a price. Often money will createmore problems than it can solve. The richness of a persons soul can be hiddenin the folds of money. Such is the case of Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is constantlyaltering in the readers mind due to the various puzzling events that transpirein the novel creating a level of mystery. First off, Gatsby is a man who feelssecure in his privacy and allows very few people into his personal life due tolack of trust. Jay often throws parties at his lavish house, only to shrink awayfrom contact with his various guests that frolic in his privately funded bashes. He does not drink, mainly because he has a high level of composure that cannotbe compromised by the effects of alcohol. When the narrator, Nick Carraway, isallowed to venture into Gatsbys personal life Gatsby tells Nick only what hefeels is necessary to keep him from being suspicious. The eerie thing about thisis that while doing this he is so guarded that Nick often questions how concreteand truthful the information is. When discussing his past Gastby is choppy anduncomfortable telling Nick about his education and war experiences. Only whenGatsby produces a metal of valor earned in the war does Nick believe in his warservice stories. Even then Nick has a hard time believing Gatsbys educationalbackground because of his uncomfortable declaration that he attended Oxford, avery prestigious English university. Trust is not a strong point of Gastbysmakeup and lifestyle. Therefore, when looking at Gatsbys most impressivetraits one thing that pops up is his energetic smile, vibrant personal ity, andloyalty to those who he respects or cares about. It is important to mention thefact that Gatsby always seemed to make every person feel important and at easewhile conversing with him. It was his nature to express courtesy to any guest hecame in contact with, no matter how insignificant they were or what theiroccupation was. As far as loyalty is concerned, it is best represented in hisdevotion to Daisy Buchanan. With his money and notoriety he could have easilyhave had numerous love opportunities. He sacrificed all openings for love as hestoked the coals trying to ignite a past flame with a married women. Even whenJay and Daisys relationship was over in the readers mind Gatsby still clungto a hope of having a life with her. He loyally stayed at her house to the weehours of the morning, convinced her husband was a live wire that could erupt andphysically punish his wife. This he displayed to a women that is impossible tolove anyone but who faces the her in the mirror. Further more, all the thingsthat Gatsby had worked hard for in the end abandoned him and led to hisunfortunate death. For all of the devotion he gave Daisy she couldnt possiblylove a man who was in shady business dealings, or could possibly taint herimpeccably clean appearance in society. The money that he had accumulated andthose who helped him accumulate it fell to wayside after his death. MeyerWolshiem, who proclaimed that he made Gatsby in to the man he was didnt evenattend his funeral. Neither did Daisy or the numerous guests that roamed thegrounds of his estate on numerous weekends. What a shame to think of all thepeople who had benefited on behalf of Gatsby not to even attend the funeral,even given the circumstances surrounding his wealth. The man who to so many wasa mystery and of profound mystic died in a untimely manner which allowed othersto keep up their destructive lifestyles with a lack of consequence. Lastly,The Jay Gatsby that everyone caught glimpses will always be a myster y to many. .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b , .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .postImageUrl , .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b , .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:hover , .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:visited , .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:active { border:0!important; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:active , .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b30d1b2cc7624d591e666e9dd39795b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child abuse and violence against families EssayHis life was an example of the highs and lows of the American dream. Thepitfalls and plateaus that he reached show deep insight into The United Statesin the 1920s. All of his character traits represented different things todifferent people only to end in his own pointless demise. In the end it was, andwill always be tragic for a life that it not yet lived to the fullest to beextinguished.

Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Essay Example

Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Paper Overview In todays global economy, firms rely on the analysis of macroeconomic and industry data to develop performance improving strategies and increase their profitability. With this in mind, the following report consists of an analysis of the U. Macro environment, the airline Industry, and Delta Air Lines. It covers both a historic period from 1996 to 2000 and a current period from 2001 to the present. Even though there has been current significant Improvement in GAP, there are new concerns regarding deflation, the present jobless recovery, and the fact that production is increasing at a faster rate than demand. Subsequent analysis will focus on the changing factors that have lead to these results. When facing economic expansion or recession, the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed) relies on different measures to potentially Influence the economic environment. The Feeds current approach has been the opposite; It has expanded the money supply to lower the targeted federal funds rate In order to try to pull the economy out of the recession and generate sustainable amount of economic growth. Economic expansion (1996 2000) contributed to Deltas and the overall airline industry positive performance. On average, the airline industry contributed O. These macroeconomic events had direct effects over the airline industry. For example, increase in labor and fuel costs forced labor cuts in the Industry and the grounding of a significant number of aircraft. The different factors affecting the Industrys performance also have direct effects over Delta Air Lines. This is evidenced by the generation of profits during the expansion period (totaling LOS$ 4,040 million) and losses during the period of economic downturn (totaling US$ 2,934 million). We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With loss still remaining on their income statements, major carriers, including Delta, are searching for deferent ways o face the new low-cost competition. By analyzing past and current trends in the macroeconomic environment, In the airline Industry, and In Deltas performance, respectively, we highlight existing links between each. It Is Important to mention that our analysis focuses solely on the commercial aviation sector in order to satisfy Deltas informational needs.  Based on this research and analysis, our report is intended to provide an objective macroeconomic and industry forecast for the coming year and provide recommendations to Delta. The Macroeconomic Environment We now analyze the U. Agronomic environment during the historic and current periods. GAP Analysis To understand the changes In GAP behavior we look at its basic components (See Average Growth of Real GAP Components graph). These international economic problems caused the dollar to strengthen against foreign currencies, which in turn debilitated U. This deteriorating environment gave way to the current period, greeted by recession. Worries related to the war with Iraq, as well as persistent concerns about the course of economic activity and corporate earnings, created a high degree of risk aversion mongo Dustless executives Tanat constrained capital spending Ana null. I nose factors will be discussed in more detail in subsequent analysis. Inflation Analysis The general trend for inflation during both the historic and current periods has been to remain low. For example, in the airline industry, Internet fare bookings have decreased overall commission expenses. However, profit margins were contracted as rising costs created higher prices in a competitive market environment. Capacity Utilization In our previous analysis we mentioned the effects of increased productivity and market competition on inflation. These factors were fueled by the overall favorable economic conditions. After analyzing the differences and trends in the macroeconomic environment between the historic and current periods, we now focus our attention on the Federal Reserves role in the economy. Feeds Response To meet the goals of high growth, low inflation, and low unemployment, the Fed looks at the range of variables discussed in previous analysis. 5% in order to try to pull the economy out of the recession and generate sustainable amount of economic growth. The Federal Reserve also lowered the targeted federal funds rate in order o reduce the strain on the economy caused by international economic instability (Asia, Russia, and Latin America). As mentioned in the Inflation Analysis section, price increases have been low throughout this period due to: Decrease in overall spending Decrease in wealth due to poor stock market returns High unemployment rates Lower capacity utilization In the present, fiscal policy has provided additional support to consumer spending. At present, inflation, for the first time since the early sass, is as low as the Fed wants so low, in fact, that threes a remote risk of the economy tipping into a debilitating deflation. The macroeconomic environment has great impact over the strategies used by industries and firms. To illustrate this relationship, we presented in this section an analysis of the most influential factors in industry and firm decision making which are: real GAP growth and its components, inflation, and productivity. Our analysis also covered the inverse relationship that exists between the unemployment rate and both capacity utilization and consumer confidence. The next section focuses on the airline industry. Agronomic environment to the overall industry performance during the historic and current periods. Our main focus will be centered on the industry contribution to GAP, its competitive environment, pricing and economies of scale strategies, and its major costs. The Airline Industry All the macroeconomic factors we have analyzed have direct influence over the behavior of the different industries in the economy. In this section, we discuss the airline industry performance during the historic and current periods by emphasizing the relationship it poses with the macro environment. Traditionally, there has been a direct relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of the industry. For instance, during the historic period, the industry and the economy were both characterized by decreasing unemployment, and as the GAP improved, the industry sustained profits. In the current period, the industry was badly affected by the existing recession, and even with the recent improvement in the economic environment, the industry has not been able to recover at the same rate as the economy. The changes in the macroeconomic environment have great influence over the industry mainly due to its principle characteristics: The current market structure AT ten Lorene Ministry Is centralize Day a null degree AT market incarceration with a small number of dominant, large firms although other producers are present. In the airline industry, the top airlines historically were American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, US Airways, and United, better known as the Big Six. Traditionally, entry of smaller firms into this market was moderately difficult due to strategies used by the Big Six such as: Cutting ticket prices below actual cost (predatory Holding gates and slots at airports so they can conveniently fly ion and out blocking smaller firms Holding long-term leases on gates and retaining dates currently onto in use to prevent their use by others Holding veto rights over airport expansion projects that might let ion new competitors Controlling critical ground-handling baggage services at dominant hubs; usually charging smaller airlines prohibitively high prices for using them The Industry Evolves Even with the long-standing structure of the airline industry, changes are inevitable. The most important challenge faced is the change in the industry competitive environment. As the airline industry entered the current period, it faced problems related to the general economic recession. The 9/1 1 terrorist attacks and the war with Iraq have led to further dampening effects on the industry. A new breed of carriers is gaining strength in this environment: low-cost airlines. Industry Performance and Contribution to GAP Historically, there has been a very strict correlation between how the airline industry performs financially and how the nations economy performs, measured by GAP. This indicates that the airline industry was a major contributor to the nations economy. During this period, airlines reported high net profits linked to the period of economic expansion discussed in the macroeconomic section of this port. Historical periods profits enabled airline carriers to rebuild their balance sheets from the Gulf War years. Unfortunately, from 2001 to the present, the industry has accumulated net losses. Although GAP figures had already been declining prior to 9/1 1, as the above graph indicates, the slowing economy and the bursting dot. Com bubble also negatively impacted the industry. This deteriorating behavior is once again consistent with the performance of the overall macroeconomic environment. At the present, the low-cost carriers are capitalizing on the debt of the major carriers. This capitalization, coupled with huge investments made by big firms during the historical period (See Aircraft Orders Options graph) to face increased demand, forced big airlines to improve efficiency through cost-cutting measures described in further analysis. The precipitous drop in traffic following the 9/1 1 attacks were mirrored by the industry sharp reduction in capacity fleets shrunk by 298 aircraft. Industry Costs Bleed Profits During the historic period, the effects of decreased demand and increased competitive pressures from low-cost carriers have made major airlines focus on cost management to improve their income statements, which have been yielding negative numbers since 2001. The largest expenses for the airline industry in both the historical and current periods include flying operations (29%), aircraft and traffic servicing (16%), maintenance (12%), and promotion and sales (11%). We begin by analyzing the industry largest expense: labor. More than 1/3 of the revenue generated each day is used to pay the workforce, causing airline labor costs per employee to be among the highest of any industry in the US. The graph to the left illustrates this relationship by comparing en average annual employee compensation In ten Lorene Ministry to Tanat In ten u private industry. The industry presented a steady increase in the number of employees from 1996 to 2000. This behavior is consistent with a moderate industry expansion and contributed to low unemployment rates. Following 2000, airline companies began to look for ways to improve cost management; they began cutting labor costs. When aviation experiences economic difficulties, those difficulties reverberate across the economy. For every Job in the airline industry, an estimated 1 5 jobs are produced in the broader economy. Nearly 100,000 airline employees along with roughly 400,000 others in the U. Fuel constitutes the industry second largest operational expense. During times of relatively moderate fuel prices, these costs averaged 10 to 12% of industry expenses. The industry is exposed to severe price escalation every one-cent increase in the cost of a gallon of Jet fuel costs the industry $180 million per year. Past fuel increases and recessions have had negative effects on the airline industry, and profitability has suffered as a direct consequence of the weakening economy. Within these costs, the main expense is omissions, which constituted 13% of the industry operating expenses in the historical period. Unfortunately for airlines, they are unable to raise their prices in response to these escalated costs due to the highly competitive environment characterizing the industry. This term relates to the fact that once an airline operates in a network of city-pair routes, the marginal costs of adding new routes are low. Demand for Airline Service While the partnerships mentioned before have improved supply issues by limiting domestic competition, carriers must still deal with other factors affecting demand. Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Essay Example Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline Paper In todays global economy, firms rely on the analysis of macroeconomic and industry data to develop performance improving strategies and increase their profitability. With this in mind, the following report consists of an analysis of the U. Macro environment, the airline industry, and Delta Air Lines. It covers both a historic period from 1996 to 2000 and a current period from 2001 to the present Even though there has been current significant improvement in GAP, there are new concerns regarding deflation, the present jobless recovery, and the fact that production is increasing at a faster rate than demand. Subsequent analysis will focus on the changing factors that have lead to these results. When facing economic expansion or recession, the Federal Reserve Board (the Fed) relies on different measures to potentially influence the economic environment. The Feeds current approach has been the opposite; it has expanded the money supply to lower the targeted federal funds rate in order to try to pull the economy out of the recession and generate sustainable amount of economic growth. Economic expansion (1 996 2000) contributed to Deltas and the overall airline industry positive performance. On average, the airline industry contributed O. T hose macroeconomic events had direct effects over the airline industry. For example, increase in labor and fuel costs forced labor cuts in the industry and the grounding of a significant number of aircraft. The different factors affecting the industry performance also have direct effects over Delta Air Lines. This is evidenced by the generation of profits during the expansion period (totaling US 4,040 million) and losses during the period of economic downturn (totaling IIS$ 2,934 million). We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Analysis Forecast Macro Environment Airline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With loss still remaining on their income statements, major carriers, including Delta, are searching for different ways to face the new low-cost competition. . By analyzing past and current trends in the macroeconomic environment, in the airline industry, and in Deltas performance, respectively, we highlight existing links between each. It is important to mention that our analysis focuses solely on the commercial aviation sector in order to satisfy Deltas informational needs. Based on this research and analysis, our report is intended to provide an objective macroeconomic and industry forecast for the coming year and provide recommendations to Delta. The Macroeconomic Environment We now analyze the U. Agronomic environment during the historic and current periods. GAP Analysis To understand the changes in GAP behavior we look at its basic components (See Average Growth of Real GAP Components graph). These international economic problems caused the dollar to strengthen against foreign currencies, which in turn debilitated U. This deteriorating environment gave way to the current period, greeted by recession. ; Worries related to the war with Iraq, as well as persistent concerns about the course of economic activity and corporate earnings, created a high degree of risk aversion among business executives that unstrained capital spending and hiring. These factors will be discussed in more detail in subsequent analysis. Inflation Analysis The general trend for inflation during both the historic and current periods has been to remain low. For example, in the airline industry, Internet fare bookings have decreased overall commission expenses. However, profit margins were contracted as rising costs created higher prices in a competitive market environment. Capacity Utilization In our previous analysis we mentioned the effects of increased productivity and market competition on inflation. These factors ere fueled by the overall favorable economic conditions. After analyzing the differences and trends in the macroeconomic environment between the historic and current periods, we now focus our attention on the Federal Reserves role in the economy. Feeds Response To meet the goals of high growth, low inflation, and low unemployment, the Fed looks at the range of variables discussed in previous analysis. 5% in Order to try to pull the economy out of the recession and generate sustainable amount of economic growth. The Federal Reserve also lowered the targeted federal funds rate in order to reduce the strain on the economy caused by international economic instability (Asia, Russia, and Latin America). As mentioned in the Inflation Analysis section, price increases have been low throughout this period due to: ; Decrease in overall spending ; Decrease in wealth due to poor stock market returns ; High unemployment rates ; Lower capacity utilization In the present, fiscal policy has provided additional support to consumer spending. At present, inflation, for the first time since the early 1 adds, is as low as the Fed wants so low, in fact, that theres a remote risk of the economy tipping into a obligating deflation. The macroeconomic environment has great impact over the strategies used by industries and firms. To illustrate this relationship, we presented in this section an analysis of the most influential factors in industry and firm decision making which are: real GAP growth and its components, inflation, and productivity. Our analysis also covered the inverse relationship that exists between the unemployment rate and both capacity utilization and consumer confidence. The next section focuses on the airline industry. Agronomic environment to the overall industry performance during the historic and current periods. Our main focus will be centered on the industry contribution to GAP, its competitive environment, pricing and economies of scale strategies, and its major costs. The Airline Industry All the macroeconomic factors we have analyzed have direct influence over the behavior of the different industries in the economy. In this section, we discuss the airline industry performance during the historic and current periods by emphasizing the relationship it poses with the macro environment. Traditionally, there has been a direct relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of the industry. For instance, during the historic period, the industry and the economy were both characterized by decreasing unemployment, and as the GAP improved, the industry sustained profits. In the current period, the industry was badly affected by the existing recession, and even with the recent improvement in the economic environment, the industry has not been able to recover at the same rate as the economy. The changes in the macroeconomic environment have great influence over the industry mainly due to its principle characteristics: The current market structure of the airline industry is characterized by a high agree of market concentration with a small number of dominant, large firms although other producers are present In the airline industry, the top airlines historically were American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, US Airways, and United, better known as the Big Six. Traditionally, entry of smaller firms into this market was moderately difficult due to strategies used by the Big Six such as: Cutting ticket prices below actual cost (predatory pricing)D Holding gates and slots at airports so they can conveniently fly ion and out blocking smaller firms Holding long-term leases On gates and retaining gates currently odd in use to prevent their use by others Holding veto rights over airport expansion projects that might let ion new competitors Controlling critical ground-handling baggage services at dominant[l hubs; usually charging smaller airlines prohibitively high prices for using them The Industry Evolves Even with the long-standing structure of the airline industry, changes are inevitable. The most important challenge faced is the change in the industry competitive environment. As the airline industry entered the current period, it faced problems related to the general economic recession. The /1 1 terrorist attacks and the war with Iraq have led to further dampening effects on the industry. A new breed of carriers is gaining strength in this environment: low-cost airlines. Industrys performance and Contribution to GAP Historically, there has been a very strict correlation Benzene how the airline industry performs financially and how the nations economy performs, measured by GAP. This indicates that the airline industry was a major contributor to the nations economy. During this period, airlines reported high net profits linked to the period of economic expansion discussed in the Agronomic section of this report. Historical periods profits enabled airline carriers to rebuild their balance sheets from the Gulf War years. Unfortunately, from 2001 to the present, the industry has accumulated net losses. Although GAP figures had already been declining prior to 9/1 1, as the above graph indicates, the slowing economy and the bursting dot. Com bubble also negatively impacted the industry. This deteriorating behavior is once again consistent with the performance of the overall macroeconomic environment. At the present, the low-cost carriers are capitalizing on the bet of the major carriers. This capitalization, coupled With huge investments made by big firms during the historical period (See Aircraft Orders Options graph) to face increased demand, forced big airlines to improve efficiency through cost-cutting measures described in further analysis. The precipitous drop in traffic following the 9/1 1 attacks were mirrored by the industrys sharp reduction in capacity fleets shrunk by 298 aircraft. Industry Costs Bleed Profits During the historic period, the effects of decreased demand and increased competitive pressures from low-cost carriers have made major airlines focus on cost management to improve their income statements, which have been yielding negative numbers since 2001. The largest expenses for the airline industry in both the historical and current periods include flying operations (29%), aircraft and traffic servicing (16%), maintenance (1 2%), and promotion and sales (1 1 We begin by analyzing the industrys largest expense: labor. More than 1/3 of the revenue generated each day is used to pay the workforce, causing airline labor costs per employee to be among the highest of any industry in the US. The graph to the left illustrates this legislations by comparing the average annual employee compensation in the airline industry to that in the US private industry. The industry presented a steady increase in the number of employees from 1 996 to 2000. This behavior is consistent with a moderate industry expansion and contributed to low unemployment rates. Following 2000, airline companies began to look for ways to improve cost management; they began cutting labor costs. When aviation experiences economic difficult Ties, those difficulties reverberate across the economy. For every job in the airline industry, an estimated 15 jobs re produced in the broader economy. Nearly 1 00,000 airline employees along with roughly 400,000 others in the U. Fuel constitutes the industry second largest operational expense. During times of relatively moderate fuel prices, these costs averaged 10 to 12% of industry expenses. The industry is exposed to severe price escalation every one-cent increase in the cost of a gallon of jet fuel costs the industry $180 million per year. Past fuel increases and recessions have had negative effects on the airline industry, and profitability has suffered as a direct consequence of the weakening economy. Within these costs, the main expense is commissions, which constituted 13% of the industry operating expenses in the historical period. Unfortunately for airlines, they are unable to raise their prices in response to these escalated costs due to the highly competitive environment characterizing the industry. This term relates to the fact that once an airline operates in a network of city-pair routes, the marginal costs of adding new routes are low. Demand for Airline Service While the partnerships mentioned before have improved supply issues by limiting domestic competition, carriers must still deal with other factors affecting demand.

British Airways

British Airways Introduction This report gives a comprehensive overview of the business organization processes of British Airways (BA). Several aspects of the organization’s structure, including the structural style, management style, leadership style, motivation style, organizational design, organizational control structures, and the organizational culture constitute this analogy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This assessment will be an interesting analogy of British Airways because the company experienced managerial and leadership changes in the recent past. For a long time, British Airways has been the national flag bearer of the United Kingdom (UK). The airline is the largest airline in the country, based on its fleet size and international presence. It operates in 160 destinations around the globe and has a market presence in more than 70 countries (Ganesh 1999, p. 269) . BA’s inception occurred after four small and large airline companies (BOAC, BEA, Cambrian Airways, and Northeast airlines) merged (Meyer 2007). Before 1987, the government ran British Airways, but in the same year, it was privatized as part of the British government’s efforts to seize control of most of its national corporations (McGowan 2011, p. 3). After the privatization, British Airways was able to expand its operations to new locations and new market segments. Currently, the airline is part of the one world alliance, which is an association of several airline companies including American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas and Canadian airlines (Meyer 2007). British Airways also operates under the International Airlines Group (IAG) and its association with this business outfit marks its participation in the London Stock exchange. Company Structure British Airways is a public limited company with three subsidiaries: British Airways city flyer, open skies and British Airways World cargo (Plunkett 2009). The BA city flyer is a franchise of BA and operates a domestic fleet of airlines in the European market (from the London city airport) (Plunkett 2009).Advertising Looking for report on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The subsidiary carries passengers, cargo and mail. Open skies is also a fully owned subsidiary of British Airways with operations in France and America. The subsidiary started operations in 2008. Though Open skies was rumored to offer only business class services (during its inception), it also offers economy class (which later upgraded to premium economy class in 2009) (Plunkett 2009). The subsidiary is however not part of the one world alliance (which its parent company (BA) is a member of). Since the aviation market is a competitive industry, BA was motivated by internal changes in the business environment (changes in consumer tastes and preferences ) and external forces (competition) to transition its ownership from a government-run corporation to a private-run corporation (Raktabutr 2007). For example, since BA was a government-run company, it was difficult to change its travel fares according to the market environment. In this regard, it was difficult for BA to compete with its rivals. This transition (from government to private ownership) marked the main legal change for BA but it also set-forth a series of other organizational changes such as organizational culture changes, corporate culture changes, mission statement changes as so on.. Model Application Lewin’s change model is widely applicable in BA’s company transition from a government-run organization to a private-run entity. As noted in previous sections of this paper, the transition from a government outfit to a private organization marked significant changes in the company’s structure. Lewins model explains that, organizations often undergo thr ee stages of transition: â€Å"unfreezing, movement and refreezing† (Cummings 2008, p. 23). These stages have different effects on the organization and their employees. British Airways underwent the three stages.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the unfreezing stage (as a response to market changes), BA had to unfreeze its operation patterns which were characterized by strong government control. This was a strategy formulated by the organization’s management to manage change. The second stage of Lewin’s model (movement stage) also occurred in BA’s transition because the organization’s management was determined to disseminate its ideas to lower-level employees. To support this transition, BA introduced a new set of programs such as the employee bonus system and the opening of a new airport terminal at the company’s main oper ating hub (Heathrow) to synchronize employee tasks with the management’s vision. The company also invested a lot of money in purchasing a new training facility at Chartridge house to improve the synergy between the company’s management and its employees (Raktabutr 2007). The last stage of Lewin’s model is the refreezing stage. BA transition is characteristic of this stage because it tried to cement its new organizational changes by creating a new behavioral system to support the changes. For instance, a new performance appraisal system, which was designed to recognize employee excellence (concerning customer service and marketing), was established (Raktabutr 2007, p. 12). By implementing these changes, it was expected that the company’s employees were going to be motivated to implement the new organizational changes to receive monetary rewards. To complement these changes, BA introduced new symbols that were printed on employee uniforms, company aircrafts , and other public places of display to symbolize the company’s new commitment (customer service). The motto â€Å"we fly to serve† was part of the new changes adopted by the company during this transition (Raktabutr 2007).Advertising Looking for report on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership Control Styles Due to the sheer size and extent of BA’s operations, BA’s leadership has often practiced the autocratic leadership style (Northouse 2009). This autocratic leadership style is the main reason for BA’s poor performance between the year 1996 and the year 2000 (Raktabutr 2007). In fact, BA’s shares plunged by close to 40% during this period (Raktabutr 2007). Basic company values such as customer quality and service excellence eroded because of this leadership style as well. However, with the overhaul of BA’s operations, the company is now synonymous with the transformational leadership style. The company’s CEO, Willie Walsh, first introduced this leadership style because previous systems and procedures were not effective (Rivers 2010, p. 2). Some of the operational changes mentioned in previous sections of this study highlight the changes made by Willie Walsh after he took over the leadership of the company. The rigid h ierarchical leadership structure reduced to reflect the CEO’s vision of operating an efficient company. BA’s hierarchical structure is now very simple. It only has one level of distinction between the top-level management and the bottom-level management (Raktabutr 2007). This management structure supports the company’s transformational leadership style because it has made it easy to pass down the CEO’s enthusiasm of the organization to bottom-level employees. This management framework has also made it easy for the company’s CEO to have a â€Å"detail team† to help him realize the organization’s vision. After evaluating the transition from the autocratic leadership style to the transformational leadership style, we see that BA’s leadership transition is explained by the contingency theory of leadership. The contingency theory explains that prevailing environmental factors determine the type of leadership style to be adopted. Acc ording to the contingency theory, there is no leadership style, which is suitable for one organization (Rivers 2010, p. 2). Different situations demand different leadership styles. It is also from this basis that the contingency theory explains that organizational success does not only depend on the leadership qualities but also the loyalty and performance of the followers (plus the environmental support). BA was initially operating in a highly rigid environment dictated by little or no competition and a lot of government control. This situation supported the autocratic leadership style. However, when the market liberalized and the company was privatized, the company’s leadership style changed to transformational leadership (Rivers 2010, p. 2). This transition is explained by the contingency theory as described above. How Management and Leadership Styles Affect the Direction of the Business BA’s management and leadership styles are bound to affect the direction of the company because they are the main wheels behind the efficiency and productivity of the company. Furthermore, the realization of BA’s organizational goals highly depends on the leadership and management styles of the company (Management Study Guide 2008, p. 1). Considering BA operates in a highly competitive industry, there needs to be constant innovation and improvement of customer service. These elements require a constant change of operational processes but considering BA is a large organization, initiating change may be difficult. It is at this point, where management and effective leadership need exercising to ensure the company implements such changes. This analogy presents a guiding role for management and leadership styles because managers and leaders show the rest of the employees where the company is heading (Management Study Guide 2008, p. 1). Through effective management and leadership, employees are bound to get the confidence to undertake their tasks and ultimate ly realize the organization’s goals. This confidence materializes best if leaders and managers show the subordinates that their roles are crucial for the organization. Furthermore, optimum productivity occurs if management shows the lower-level employees how they can achieve such goals. Complementary to this role is the role of leadership and management to build morale among employees (Management Study Guide 2008, p. 1). A high morale materializes if a sense of cooperation develops between the employees and the management. Leadership styles and management styles create this synergy. Comprehensively, an organization’s direction is outlined by its leadership or management styles because both aspects determine the productive levels of the organization. In addition, an organization’s leadership style is likely to improve an organization’s level of competitiveness because it defines the blueprint of where the organization should be (viz-a-viz its competitors). Company Culture Types of organizational Culture Depending on the nature of organization, different companies adopt different organizational cultures. Tharp (2009) observes that there are four main types of organizational culture: collaborative, creative (adhocracy), control and competitive (market) cultures. The collaborative culture is a friendly and open type of culture. This type of organizational culture is very inclusionary and it perceives leaders as mentors or parents of one big extended family. In this type of culture, group cohesion is paramount and relationships are forged for long-term benefits (Tharp 2009, p. 7). Teamwork, participation and cohesiveness are also highly emphasized in this type of culture because there is a strong concern for people. The creative culture lays a lot of emphasis on innovation and risk taking because the philosophy of â€Å"thinking out of the box† is highly emphasized. Individualism is also encouraged and success is measured by being a leader among many (Tharp 2009, p. 7). The control culture is different from the creative and collaborative cultures because it defines a highly structured form of interaction between employees and their bosses. There is also a lot of emphasis on rules and procedures because stability is perceived to be the ultimate goal of organizations that adopt this culture (Tharp 2009, p. 7). Finally, the competitive culture focuses on job completion. There is a lot of push from leaders that run organizations that adopt this culture because the ultimate goal of such organizations is job accomplishment. The idea of winning is a major unifying factor for employees and managers (Tharp, 2009, p. 7). BA’s Organizational Culture After understanding the above leadership styles, it is important to note that, BA applies the competitive organizational culture. The competitive organizational culture was adopted after the company was privatized. BA’s emphasis now lies on being the best airl ine company in the region. For instance, after privatization, BA changed its corporate mission objective from â€Å"safety† to â€Å"competition†. This is a response to the competition in the aviation industry. Now the company focuses on being effective and high performing. Similarities between BA and Secondary Data Concerning the competitive organizational culture, BA’s organizational culture bears many similarities with secondary research information (regarding the competitive culture). In books, it is mentioned that the competitive organizational culture emphasizes a lot on success and accomplishments while British Airways also strives to show that it is succeeding. For instance, the company now focuses on posting good profits (De-Witte 2000, p. 501). This push to post good profits is part of a move to keep the company afloat, amid growing employee tensions and increased shareholder demands. Furthermore, existing literature outline that, leaders in organizati ons that adopt the competitive culture are hard-driving and demanding. BA’s leadership exudes these traits because it puts a lot of pressure on its employees to show results. Part of the pressure emanates from past periods of failure, which have seen BA suffer significant losses in revenue. Motivational Framework BA uses financial rewards to motivate its employees. This motivational framework is mentioned in earlier sections of this paper where BA’s bonus program was introduced to cement the company’s operational changes by focusing on customer service and quality. This motivational framework defines the scientific management theory, which was advanced by Frederick Taylor (Waring 1994, p. 1). The theory proposes that, people are mainly motivated by financial reward. The theory also maintains that, people are not naturally motivated to work, and they need rewards to boost their productivity. Complementarily, Maslow theory of motivation also outlines BA’s m otivational framework because it explains that workers strive to satisfy basic needs before they satisfy higher-level needs such as safety needs and self-actualization needs. Maslow’s theory categorizes worker needs on five levels as outlined below: (Waring 1994, p. 94) Incidentally, these needs are often satisfied through financial upgrades. For instance, if a worker has already satisfied basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing, they need more money to satisfy the next level of need (safety needs). This motivational dynamic therefore supports BA’s motivational framework because workers strive to improve their productivity to get more bonuses, and consequently satisfy higher-level needs. BA and the workers benefit here. Conclusion Weighing the findings of this report, we can see that BA’s organizational culture and processes are influenced by its transition from a government entity to a private entity. However, BA’s new organizational culture (bas ed on competition), is expected to increase the company’s odds of being an industry leader, as it was before. The competitive organizational culture (coupled with the company’s motivational framework) is set to increase the company’s profitability. The scientific management theory seems to affirm this success because it lays a lot of emphasis on guaranteeing company success if an employee reward scheme is employed. BA’s organizational structures therefore outline the blueprint for its future success. BA can improve its future profitability if it focuses on product innovation strategies to meet varying customer group demands. Most of BA’s competitors (such as Emirates airlines) are reaping huge profits from such strategic shifts. The product innovation strategy has also worked in other industries where a company understands its different customer groups and develops new products to meet these needs. Finally, to improve the company’s profitabi lity, BA needs to adopt more hedging practices. For instance, the unstable price of crude oil may significantly affect the company’s bottom-line. Hedging such a cost is likely to improve the company’s prospects of posting good returns. Such a strategy has worked with other airline companies such as Southwest airlines. BA’s success will be guaranteed in this manner. References Cummings, T. (2008) Organization Development Change. London, Cengage Learning. De-Witte, K. (2000) Organizational Culture. Michigan, Psychology Press. Ganesh, G. (1999) Privatisation Competition And Regulation In The United Kingdom:  Case Studies. London, Mittal Publications. Management Study Guide. (2008) Importance of Leadership (Online) Available at: managementstudyguide.com/importance_of_leadership.htm . McGowan, R. (2011) Privatize This?: Assessing the Opportunities and Costs of  Privatization. London, ABC-CLIO. Meyer, S. (2007) Acquisition of EasyJet Plc. by British Airways Plc. London, GRIN Verlag. Northouse, P. (2009) Leadership: Theory and Practice. London, SAGE. Plunkett, J. (2009) Plunketts Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics Industry Almanac 2009 (E-Book): Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies. London, Plunkett Research, Ltd. Raktabutr, T. (2007) Analysis of Organization: British Airways (Online) Available at: http://thanabut.blogspot.com/2007/05/1-introduction-this-report-is-written.html . Rivers, M. (2010) British Airways Strike Can Be Averted (Online) Available at: guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/10/british-airways-strike-can-be-averted . Tharp, B. (2009) Four Organizational Culture Types (Online) Available at: haworth.com/en-us/Knowledge/Workplace-Library/Documents/Four-Organizational-Culture-Types_6.pdf . Waring, S. (1994) Taylorism Transformed: Scientific Management Theory Since 1945. London, UNC Press Books.

Corporation with cash and the economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporation with cash and the economy - Essay Example We created a crisis in our minds that no fiscal and monetary tools of lowering interest rates and pumping more money can solve this economic woe. Even if there is enough money, people will adopt a conservative stance and will not spend it thus contracting the economy making government intervention pointless. This is truer with big business which was able to generate that much savings because it did not spend the money it earned from lowering its cost from downsizing its manpower and other cost-cutting measures and contributing significantly to the situation that we are in. This could be the worst form of an economic crisis-crisis of confidence. This crisis is horrible because it is psychological in nature that the traditional Keynesian solution will not work. If this situation will continue, it will not be far fetch that our economy will suffer a double dip crisis of which we may not be able to recover. It is easier said than done that had we had faith in our economy, we could have recovered already. There is available money that is enough to create jobs that will encourage domestic consumption to rehabilitate the economy. The government does not have to pump in precious taxpayers’ money in the system anymore for it to recover. We just created a fear that is debilitating us that sends a spiral of economic contagion which contracts our economy into an impending crisis. Savings may be good but when we are not using it out of fear to the effect that it contracts our economy, the effect is more catastrophic. So what is to be done? First, our policy makers must get their acts together to inspire confidence that our economy will be going somewhere. The recent debacle over the debt ceiling fueled that conservatism which is hampering our recovery. Second, we must do our part as citizens of this great country. That includes big business and us,

Employee management practices Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee management practices - Case Study Example According to the research findings one of the identified management issues in business environment is the level of pressure that managers put on their employees. This may be with respect to working hours or with respect to the amount of work that is expected of an employee within a given period. As a result, employees are occasionally pushed to off their working capacity. This demoralizes the employees and shifts their interests away from their work and organization. The consequence is an increased employee turnover rate due to high rates of resignations. In the case, Dempsey tendered her resignation because of the pressure that she had been receiving from her managers. She was under pressure which many responsibilities within a limited scope of time. Communication skills and its applications in communication between human resource management and employees is another important element in employee management. The management should for example be keen to recognize and appreciate an emp loyee’s efforts that have yielded success. This initiative motivates employees and facilitates their level of satisfaction in the organization. Similarly, the management should be able to communicate objective and procedures to employees in clarity. Proper communication minimizes confusion in operations and promotes freedom between employees and the management. Poor communication on the other hand induces intimidation on employees and contributes to their demoralization. (Cghrc, p. 3). Human resource management should also establish a dual communication path in which employees can raise their concerns and opinions to facilitate conflict resolution. A poor communication structure is however noted in the case. While one of the managers offers a set of instruction to Dempsey, she receives contrary instructions from the other managers. James, for instance, instructed her to be open in joint forums while Fred instructed her to the contrary that the organizations strategies should not be shared with competitors. This is a potential source of confusion to the employee and is identified as one of the major challenges in human resource management that contributes to high employee turnover rates. It particularly played a role in Dempsey’s resignation (Cghrc, p. 3; Robbins and Bergman, p. 349). Motivational factors in an organization as opposed to authoritarian management and leadership are also identified as factors that influence employee mobility in the Canadian business environment. The decision by an employee to leave a current employment or to stay with the employer significantly depends on the employee’s level of satisfaction in the organization. Human resource management strategies such as remuneration and reward programs as well as relations between the management and employees are important in employee’s satisfaction and hence the need to retain the current employment or not. Involving employees in decision making for instance makes them feel part of the organization and therefore reduces turnover rates. An authoritarian leadership in which employees are subjected to strict orders and instructions on the other hand leads to dissatisfaction among employees at the work place (Haines, Jallette and Larose, p. 6; Canadian,

Critical Evaluation of the research methodologies

Critical Evaluation of the research methodologies 1. Introduction: In this report I have critically reviewed the methodologies which are used by Chevrier in her research paper. In this paper I have revealed whether she has used the correct methodology for her research or not, whether her evidence support her findings or not and I have mentioned an alternative methods to improve her conclusion. Chevrier paper aims at better understanding the dynamics of international project groups and she focuses on how project leaders manage the cultural differences to overcome and to use national cultures, ethnic diversity efficiently and effectively in the multinational project team. In her research she has depict three kinds of cross-cultural practices which were implemented by the project leaders. With these findings she has proposed a strategy to enhance the functioning of cross-cultural projects. I think the methodology which she has used in this research i.e. Case study is largely fine but not an effective one instead of this if she had used Grounded theory methodology for this research it would have been much more better research. I argue that the three case studies which she has chosen is not a typical one of all the multinational project groups. I argue that the Data collection technique which she has used in this research i.e. informal discussion is not a good technique to collect the data from participant. I argue that the strategy which she has proposed doesnt hold good for all types of cross-cultural project groups. 2. Literature review: Research can be a tricky, fascinating, awkward, tedious, annoying, hilarious, confusing, disturbing, mechanical, sociable, isolating, surprising, sweaty, messy, systematic, costly, draining, iterative, contradictory, open-ended process (Anthias, 2002) Methodology is identical to a research model employed by a researcher in a particular project, including basic knowledge related to the subject and research methods in question and the framework employed in a particular context (Sarantakos, 1998 cited Lather, 1992:87). Sarantakos (1998) relates the nature of Methodology to a theoretical and more abstract context, and perceives it in conjuction with distinctive, unidimensional, and mutually exclusive theoretical principles. Methodologies offers the research principles which are related closely to a distinct paradigm translated clearly and accurately, down to guidelines on acceptable research practices. Methodology is determined not by the research model but rather by principles of research entailed in a paradigm. Case-study research involves studying individual cases, often in their natural environment, and for a long period of time and employs a number of methods of data collection and analysis. (Sarantakos, 1998 cited Kromrey, 1986:320) 3. Critical Analysis of her Methodology: In this research the Methodology which is used by Chevrier is Case study. I think to do this research survey studies or experimental strategies will be too complex to implement, this is the main reason for Sylvie to choose Case study as the Methodology for this research. Generally case studies are done by a researcher when he/she is interested in the structure, process and outcomes of a single unit. (Sarantakos, 1998) Case studies are done by a researcher when he/she wants to extract data from a single field of study. Here Chevrier has chosen Engineering (i.e. three Project groups) as a field of study in which she has extracted the data and processed into information in which it will fit into the research topic. But this research topic demands to do study on all different kinds of field; but Sylvie hasnt done it, this is the main drawback of this research paper. In this research Chevrier focuses on how project leaders deal with cultural differences to surmount and even benefit from the variety of national cultures in their team. They have studied three cross-cultural practices that the project leaders explicitly or implicitly use to manage their international team and also studied the related outcomes from these practices. I think some methods and techniques which are used by Chevrier in her research paper doesnt holds good to the research topic. I think the samples(case studies) which she has chosen for this research doesnt sounds well because she has chosen only three international project groups to study the cross-cultural practices which are implemented in the team and moreover all these three project groups has the same background i.e. engineering. I believe just three project groups of the same background will not give a good weightage to her research paper. This is mainly because other than these three project groups there are different types of multinational project groups in which they are directly related to the cross-cultural management which I think she should have taken into this research paper. This research paper is pointing towards Multinational groups but the project groups which she has chosen has only people who are from European countries and Brasil, it misses out people who are from Asia, Africa and Australia. In this field work data is collected from Formal interviews, attendance to their meetings as a participant observer and informal discussions. I think the Primary data obtained from the formal interviews with project leaders and project members will be useful to analyse the data in this research and this data is important because the members of the project groups are the one who will be following cross-cultural practices and they will be knowing whether these practices are useful or not . In her research she has used participant observer as a data collection technique. I think it is a good technique for collecting the data in this research. Since her team will be a part of the cross-cultural group so they can observe easily how the team members/managers will behave and whether they are following the cross-cultural practices or not. They have attended even meetings to collect the data I think this is the place where they might have got a good data because this is a place where they can observe whether the managers and leaders are following cross-cultural practices or are they giving any importance to it or not. Chevrier and her team was also present daily among the project groups particularly for project 1(for 2 project weeks) and project 2(for 2  ½ months), I think daily presence in a project group is important because generally people wont behave same way in every time/day and also we cant judge their behaviour on cross-cultural practices in a single day. So daily presence in a project group will give a good data for the researcher but interesting point in her data collection is she or her team was not present daily for project team 3 but they were present only in project team 1 2 and that to in project team 1 they were present daily with team for just 2 ‘project weeks, so I dont think within these 2 weeks they have collected a strong data because in just 2 weeks it is less practical to summarize their behaviour. I think the primary data which they have collected in project team 2 will be useful because for 2  ½ months they were daily present with the team so with this time they will be in a better position to judge their behaviour with respect to cross-cultural. I also think that the Informal discussion which she has used in this research is not an effective technique. I agree this technique partially and I also disagree partially. I think this technique should be used depending on the situation in the working environment; if the working environment is not so good then there is no use of having discussion with them because the interviewee may give answers simply just to pass time. I think they should use only when the team members are in a good mood and moreover this discussions will take place mainly during lunch time of the employees, this is the time where most of the employee will relax, spend time with their colleagues and chat with them, if Chevrier and her group starts to discuss with these employees then most of them wont be interested and they will just say something or they will give less answers so that the discussion will be over fast. She has analysed the collected data by Cutting of Tran scripted interviews and meeting notes by theme. She has prepared a monograph for each and every theme which I think its a good idea and it will be useful for comparing all the themes. This type of comparison will help to find out the common and uncommon features of all the cases 4. Will her evidence support her findings? I think the evidence which she has used in Case 1 will support her findings. This is a project group of European consortium set up to make RD in the telecommunication industry. The contract which is signed by these companies designates one company as a primary contractor which will appoint a project leader among its engineers. We know that the newly appointed project leader has no hierarchical authority over the other partners due to this he/she cannot demand anything from other partners, infact he/she cant expect that other partners will involve totally (100% commitment) in this project and there is also a possibility that this may also lead to lack of institutional management with the other partners. In this project the leader has to take some technical decisions in which sometimes it may not be accepted by the other partners as she found this from Northern Europe and especially from Scandinavia that they only speak up when they disagree with what is being said. These project groups were not totally involved in the project. In this case the project leader has no choice he has to tolerate with these kinds of partners. This is what Chevrier has found that the leader explicitly or implicitly relies on tolerance of team members to surmount difficulties. The project group (RD consortium) has people from different countries; definitely all of them will have different opinion on Cross-cultural activity. Some may tolerate the diversity and some may not. Chevrier has found out different opinions from the interviewees e.g. In multinational teams some team members tend to forget the nationality of their colleague to focus on technical issues. Oppositely, the second part of interviewees says that they make their best to struggle against prejudices, stereotypes and ethnocentrism. In the 2nd case of Chevrier it is said that the greatest difficulty for the project manager is to make the work required for his own project a priority for team members who are very much in demand. If this is the case most of the manager tries to protect his team members to work in his project because every manager will have some task to complete, so to do this task without skilled workers in his team it will be difficult for him to complete it. If the manager couldnt maintain these workers in his team then there is every chance of showing less interest in the project. This is what happened to Swiss manager as it is told in Chevrier paper that â€Å"Swiss manager straightforwardly declared he did not want to make any difference and was careful to manage all team members the same way.† Chevrier has also backed up this argument by giving the reference of Laurent (1998), â€Å"we observed that when managers encounter cross-cultural differences, they often do nothing and consider that it is legitimate not to talk about them.† In case 1 the main job of the project leader is to maintain a strong institutional management with the other partners. Since the leader doesnt have the hierarchical authority over the other partners it will be difficult to manage all the other partners. His main job is to get the task done, since he doesnt has the upper hand over other project members it will be difficult for him to give orders for other groups to complete the job. In chevriers research, for this problem she has founded that â€Å"developing personal relationship with one another in a team will set up working arrangements more easily. If they know each other very well, it will help them to become acquainted with one other†. This strategy will suit only for RD consortium project group because in this project all its partners doesnt know each other so this strategy may enable effective mutual agreements between all the partners. But it doesnt suit for Electrical engineering project infact it can reinforce negative stereotypes and polarization between cultural groups. This is true because in this project the Swiss manager straightforwardly declared that he did not want to make any difference and was interested to manage all team members the same way, if this strategy (developing personal relationship) is implemented in this project group it may result in other way because due to less involvement by Swiss manger there is a more chance of negative stereotypes and polarization between cultural groups. This may lead in such a way that project may not complete. The strategy which is proposed in this paper by Chevrirer (cultural mediator) suits good for some multinational project groups but for some project groups it doesnt. Since in this strategy cultural mediator has to invite the project members quite regularly to find out the exact problem, this is possible only when all the project members are meeting together quite regularly at some place but this strategy cannot be applied to some multi-national groups where the project members wont meet regularly. However, in a multi national group most of the time the project groups will be from different countries so it is not practical to implement this strategy because all groups are from different countries and also it will be difficult for all the members to attend the meeting if it is put up by cultural mediator. As we can see in RD consortium group all the team members meet each other only four or five times a year. During these weeks all the project members will be busy with other partners about their plan and objectives in their project. So if this strategy is applied to this group then cultural mediator will not find sufficient time to spend with the team members to talk about their problematic situations which have encountered. I think this strategy can be applied to the project team in electrical engineering because this team is composed of a project manager, engineers who are all located in a single building but in a different floor. In this team cultural mediator can easily set up a meeting with the team members and find out the problematic situations which have encountered. Even in the product development project have subsidiaries which are located in different countries such as Germany, France, Belgium and Italy and co-ordinating the development process is in charge by ‘‘central group which is located in the French subsidiary. So even in this project group cultural mediator will find difficult to set up a meeting to talk about their problematic situations which have encountered. I think she has not justified all the problems which will occur in the multinational group. For e.g.— Race can be a problem in the group. Merriam et.al. in their research has found that â€Å"Racism was the specific dominating factor in cross cultural groups†. Color As an issue of concern amongst Blacks, colorism is examined and debated in Black communities in a less than open manner. This intraracial discrimination among Blacks gives preferential treatment to those who have lighter skin shades. (Merriam et.al) 5. Alternative Methodology: I think Grounded theory analysis will be a better approach for this research because in this research topic we need to analyse more number of case studies, interviews and observation so I think grounded theory will be the best methodology for this research. Another reason for using grounded theory techniques is â€Å"Grounded theorising is well suited to capturing the interpretive experiences of owner/managers/employees and developing theoretical propositions from them.† Rowlands B. (2005 cited from Strauss Corbin 1990) From the above reason we can say that, Since Chevriers research is related to the cross-cultural practices which are followed by Leaders, Managers, and Team members, so this methodology will be very useful in gathering and analysing the data. Similarly, Grounded theory has been effectively used in recent Information System research to develop theory of Information System practice. Rowlands B. (2005 cited from Urquhart et.al., 1997) In choosing the International project groups Chevrier has chosen the groups in which all groups has the same background i.e. Engineering. Instead of choosing three project groups from a single background she could have chosen three project groups from different fields. Because choosing a sample project group which is typical to that environment is very important and the data collected from this typical one will bee much stronger than the data which she has collected from the three Engineering project groups. I think Ethnographic interview will be useful to get valuable data from the interviewee. The main aim of this type of interview is to study the Culture of the people and to find out how it will impact on the people behaviour. â€Å"It aims to discover or understand the culture of people in their social environment and of explaining the social justification of their role and position in that culture.†(Sarantakos, 1998). This interview would have helped her in finding the culture of the project members/leaders and based on her understanding on their culture she could have compared with the Cross-cultural practices which were implemented by the management and she could have got a better result. If Chevrier had used all the above methodology in her research, I think this would have improved her research conclusion. 6. Conclusion: In this paper I have revealed that the methodology which is used by chevrier for her research is not a good one. I have shown that some of her methodology which she has used is not effective with respect to the research. The three case study which she has chosen in her research is not a typical one because all the case studies had the same background i.e. Engineering, instead of that she could have chosen case studies which are from different background and I also showed that the data collected from participant observation in project group 2 was strong. I showed that the data collected from informal discussion technique was not good. This paper reveals that Ethnographic interview and Grounded theory would have helped her to collect the strong data and to analyse the data which she has collected. I have shown that up to what extent of her evidence will support her findings. In this paper I have also concluded that her proposed strategy will holds good only if all the project members/g roups are in the same company or at least in the same country, it doesnt suit if all the project members/groups are in a different countries. 8. Bibliography: Sarantakos S.,(1998).Social reseach, 2nd edition, Macmillan Education: Australia, Chapter 8, pp 33,191,251. Floya Anthias,( 2002) Where do I belong?: Narrating collective identity and translocational positionality, [Online] Accessed from: http://etn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/4/491 [Accessed on: 05/11/07] Merriam S., et.al., Power and Positionality: Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status in Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Research, [Online] Accessed from: http://merriamsetal1-final.pdf [Accessed on: 05/11/07] Rowlands B., (2005), Grounded in Practice: Using Interpretive Research to Build Theory, [Online] Accessed from: http://v3-i1-art7-rowlands.pdf [Accessed on: 03/12/07]